Models & theories

Every business idea, explained properly

125 models, theories and frameworks — each one in plain English first, then the proper version, then what to actually do with it and where it falls down. Written against the GCSE Business subject content and the MBA core. Free, no sign-up.

Strategy 16

Degree & MBA

Blue Ocean Strategy

Stop fighting in a crowded market and go and create an uncontested one.

Degree & MBA

Disruptive innovation

Why well-run companies lose to worse products — and why doing everything right is what kills them.

GCSE

Economies and diseconomies of scale

Why getting bigger makes each unit cheaper — until the point where it stops.

A Level

Innovation versus improvement

Getting better at what you do and doing something different are not the same project.

A Level

PESTLE analysis

The six outside forces a business does not control but has to plan around.

Degree & MBA

Porter's five forces

Why some industries are profitable for almost everyone in them and others are profitable for nobody.

Degree & MBA

Porter's generic strategies

Cheapest, different, or specialised — and the argument that trying to be two of them leaves you nowhere.

Degree & MBA

Porter's value chain

Breaking the business into the activities that add value, to find where your advantage actually lives.

GCSE

SWOT analysis

Four boxes everyone can draw and almost nobody uses properly.

A Level

The Ansoff Matrix

Four routes to growth, from safest to riskiest — and most people overlook the safest.

Degree & MBA

The Balanced Scorecard

Four sets of measures, because running a business on financials alone is driving by the rear-view mirror.

A Level

The Boston Matrix

Stars, cash cows, question marks and dogs — a portfolio viewed as who funds whom.

Degree & MBA

The four decisions driving growth

People, strategy, execution, cash. Every growing business is failing at one of them.

Degree & MBA

The McKinsey 7S framework

Seven things that have to line up — and the four everyone forgets are the ones that sink the plan.

Degree & MBA

The VRIO framework

Four questions that tell you whether a strength is actually an advantage, or just a thing you are quite good at.

Degree & MBA

Which strategy framework to use when

There are a dozen of these and they answer different questions. Here is which one you actually want.

People & teams 20

GCSE

AQUA: handling a complaint

Acknowledge, Question, Understand, Answer. In that order, and the order is the whole thing.

GCSE

Attitude, knowledge, support, skill

Four reasons someone is not performing. Two are yours, two are theirs, and you need to know which.

A Level

Belbin's team roles

Nine roles a team needs filled — and why a team of brilliant similar people underperforms.

A Level

Handy's four organisational cultures

Power, role, task and person — four ways an organisation actually decides things.

A Level

Herzberg's two-factor theory

The things that stop people being unhappy are not the things that make them motivated.

A Level

Kettle logic: arguing with the wrong thing

When someone gives you three contradictory reasons, none of them is the real one.

Degree & MBA

Kotter's eight-step change model

Eight steps for making change stick, and the first one is where most attempts die.

A Level

Lewin's change model and force field analysis

Unfreeze, change, refreeze — and the insight that removing resistance beats pushing harder.

GCSE

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Five levels of need, and the claim that you cannot motivate with the higher ones until the lower ones are met.

A Level

Mayo and the human relations school

The studies that found people worked harder because someone was paying attention.

GCSE

Organisational structure

Tall or flat, wide or narrow span — and what each does to speed, cost and how people feel.

GCSE

Recruitment, selection and training

Hire from inside or outside, and the training choices that follow.

GCSE

Rules of the game

Every team has rules. Most of them are unwritten, which is why people keep breaking them.

A Level

Taylor's scientific management

The theory that people work for money, and that there is one best way to do any job.

A Level

The ADKAR model

Five things a person needs before a change sticks, in order — and skipping one stops the lot.

A Level

The emotional cycle of change

Every change starts with optimism, dips into despair, and only then gets better. The dip is not a sign you were…

GCSE

The five A's of change

Awareness, acceptance, action, accountability, acknowledgement — five steps, and most people stall at the second.

A Level

The formula for change

Dissatisfaction × Vision × First steps must beat Resistance — and because it multiplies, any zero kills it.

GCSE

The stages of team development

The short version of why a new team gets worse before it gets better.

A Level

Tuckman's stages of team development

Forming, storming, norming, performing — and why skipping the argument makes the team worse.

Mindset 13

A Level

Above and below the line (OARBED)

Six words that tell you whether someone is solving the problem or explaining it.

GCSE

Be, Do, Have

Most people wait to *have* before they *do*. It runs the other way round.

GCSE

Comfort zone, performance zone, danger zone

Three rings. Stay in the middle one — and when you overshoot, retreat to it, not to the couch.

GCSE

Control and responsibility

You are responsible for more than you control, and you control more than you think.

GCSE

Green light and red light decisions

Between setting a goal and the deadline are hundreds of small choices, each one nudging you up or down.

GCSE

Scarcity versus abundance

Whether you think there is enough to go round changes how you negotiate, hire and refer.

GCSE

The Goldilocks zone

Motivation peaks at just-manageable difficulty — the midpoint between boredom and failure.

A Level

The identity iceberg

You can see someone's behaviour. What drives it sits under the water.

A Level

The Plateau of Latent Potential

Progress feels like nothing's happening — right up until, suddenly, it does.

A Level

The Power of 1%

Get 1% better every day and you end the year 37 times better. Small, boring, and unstoppable.

GCSE

The results mindset

Being busy and getting results are different things, and only one of them is measured.

GCSE

The rubber band model

Stuck between two good options? Ask what is holding you and what is pulling you.

A Level

What actually moves happiness

A widely-taught split of what determines happiness — and a genuine caveat about the numbers.

Enterprise & ownership 14

GCSE

Business aims and objectives

Survival, profit, growth, market share, personal satisfaction — and why they change as a business ages.

Degree & MBA

Buying a business instead of starting one

The route most people never consider: buy the customers, the staff and the cash flow that already exist.

A Level

How new businesses actually get funded

Where the money really comes from at the start — and it is almost never venture capital.

GCSE

How to actually start a business in the UK

The real sequence, in order, with the bits people get wrong.

A Level

Minimum viable product and validated learning

The smallest thing you can build that teaches you whether you are wrong.

GCSE

Organic and external growth

Grow it yourself or buy someone else's — two routes with very different risks.

GCSE

Stakeholders

Everyone with something at stake — and why their wants genuinely conflict.

GCSE

The business metamorphosis

Caterpillar, chrysalis, butterfly. Nobody wants to talk about the chrysalis.

A Level

The Business Model Canvas

A whole business model on one page, instead of a forty-page plan nobody reads.

A Level

The ceiling of complexity

Growth is not a straight line. It runs into a ceiling, dips, and needs something structural to break through.

GCSE

The ten departments in every business

Every business contains the same ten jobs. In a small one, the owner is doing most of them.

GCSE

The three freedoms

Time, money and mind. Most owners chase the second and lose the other two.

GCSE

Types of business ownership

Sole trader, partnership, limited company, plc — and the one difference that actually matters.

A Level

Why new businesses actually fail

It is rarely the product. It is cash, customers, or the people who started it together.