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Quality control, quality assurance and TQM

Inspecting at the end, building it in throughout, or making it everyone's job.

GCSEGCSE Business — Business operations
Also called: quality control, quality assurance, total quality management, kaizen

In one paragraph

Three approaches to not selling people rubbish, and they are genuinely different — one checks at the end, one builds it in as you go, one makes it a culture.

Quality control (QC) — inspect the finished output and reject what fails. Simple, and it finds faults after you have already paid to make them.

Quality assurance (QA) — build checks into every stage so faults are caught where they happen. Prevention rather than detection. Standards such as ISO 9001 sit here.

Total quality management (TQM) — quality as everyone's responsibility, continuously, with the internal 'customer' being whoever receives your work next. Associated with kaizen, continuous small improvement, and with the idea of getting it right first time.

Why it is a cost question, not a virtue question

Poor quality costs money in three places: waste and rework, warranty and returns, and lost customers. The last is the largest and the only one that never appears in the accounts, which is why quality is chronically under-invested in.

How to actually use it

  • Count your rework. Most small businesses have no idea what proportion of their week is spent doing things twice, and it is usually the cheapest available margin.
  • Move one check upstream. Catching a fault at the stage it happens is dramatically cheaper than catching it at delivery.

Where it breaks down

  • TQM needs sustained management commitment and training, and it takes years. Announced as an initiative and dropped after six months, it is worse than nothing.
  • Above a point, more quality costs more than the customer will pay for. The target is fit for purpose, not perfect.

If you are being examined on it

Distinguish clearly between control and assurance — detection versus prevention — then apply it to the business's actual problem.